第638节

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[26]”Canthesocialsciencesbeahistotical?…..Economicrelationsandpoliciesmustbecontinuallyreevaluatedinthelightofchangingcircumstances.Economicdoctrineandtheorymustevolvealongwithchangingcircumstances.”(DuggerandSherman,1998,p.217).　　
      　　[27]学术社群不能自外于社会，在科学的掩盖之下，反而让人忽视权力之存在。“Whatarethemostimportantrelationshipsinsociety?Powerrelationshipsarethemostimportantrelationshipsinsociety.Powermeanstheabilitytogetotherstodowhatyouwantthemtodo.Becauseofmythsandmisconceptions,weakergroupsandindividualsoftendonotunderstandtheirowninterests,andtheyendupservingtheinterestsofothers.Mythsandmisconceptionsarenotharmless.Theyenableonegrouptodominateanotherandtoexcisepoweroverthem.Enablingmythsarethosethatenableonegrouporindividualtogetotherstodowhatiswantedofthem,evenwhenitisnotintheinterestofthedominatedgrouporindividual.”(DuggerandSherman,1998,pp.212~213).　　
      
      　　[28]这种叙述并不「精准」，不过，“itisbettertohaveimpreciseorapproximateanswerstotherightquestionsthantohavepreciseanswerstothewrongquestions.”(Kapp,1968,p.18).　　
      　　[29]这是如Kapp所称的「伪科学之正当化」（pseudo-scientificjustification）(Kapp,1968,p.3).
      　　[30]市场经济带来的灾难，罄竹难书；联合报（2004.7.13）A6版：记者余炎昆、廖肇祥：害死山林的，非原非汉！是市场经济！　　
      　　[31]F.CharlesSabelandGaryB.Herrigel,LosingaMarkettoaHigh-WageNation,NewYorkTimes,Sunday,June14,1987.引自：Waters(1998),p.204.
      　　[32]目前所知，国立大学中，有政治大学和台北大学。　　
      
      　　[33]指劳动、土地、与货币。　　
      　　[34]制度学派Veblen亦由权力关系探讨此二种活动之纠葛：“PowerrelationshipsareinterwovenwiththeVebleniandichotomy–thedistinctionfirstmadebyVeblenbetweensociallyusefulactivityandselfishaggrandizement.…Selfishactivity;especiallythatofthepowerful,isoverlaidwithceremonialjustification,whileusefulactivityissimplyamatteroffact.Hence,ceremonialismversusinstrumentalismisathemethatrunsthroughmuchofinstitutionalism.Radicalinstitutionalistsemphasizetheneedtotakecollectiveactionagainstceremonialism,…”(DuggerandSherman,1998,p.213)　　
      
      　　[35]Frey并以大学教授之教学为例：　　
      　　“Takenowparticularlyrationalpeople(soitissaid),universityprofessors(Case3):　　
      　　Someprofessorsata(state)universitywhoareparticularlyengagedintheirprofessionteachmorethantherequiredeighthoursperweek.Someprofessors,however,disregardthisdutyandteachlessthanrequired.Theministryofeducationissuesageneralregulationwherebytheteachinghoursofallprofessorsaretightlycontrolled.　　
      
      　　Whatislikelytohappen?Itcanbeexpected(theauthorhascircumstantialevidenceinthisrespect)thattheparticularlyengagedprofessorsreactbyreducingtheirteachinghourstotheminimumrequired.”(Frey,1997,p.8)　　
      　　[36]根据心理学家Deci的定义：”oneissaidtobeintrinsicallymotivatedtoperformanactivitywhenonereceivesnoapparentrewardexcepttheactivityitself.”(Edwardl.Deci,EffectsofExternallyMediatedRewardsonIntrinsicMotivation,in:JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,1971,22,p.105:引自：Frey(1997),p.13.　　
      
      　　[37]“…inducedtodosobymonetarypaymentorbycommand.”(Frey,1997,p.14)　　
      　　[38]Brown(1972):“Itwillberememberedthatmyargumentbeganwiththedivergencebetweentheincreasingpowerofeconomiststoelaboratetrainsofsubtleandrigorousreasoningandbuildcomplexmodels,ontheonehand,andontheothertheslowadvanceoftheirpowertodiagnoseandprescribefortheproblemsofourday.”(pp.6-7)
      
      　　[39]值得注意的是，当国内知名的主流经济学者（包括院士级），各据一方（即坊间所称四人帮或六人帮）撰写「经济学教科学」，以争夺「市场」时，也应该反省，在社会科学领域，「教科书」对学术发展是福还是祸？”Itmaybeduerathertothefactthatasdissentersinstitutionalistshavebeenpreoccupiedwithahostofissuesandhavecertainlynotwrittenthekindofmassivetextbookswhichtendtosystematizeandtoperpetuateadominantschool.”(Kapp,1968,p.17)同时参考：黄世鑫（1998/2000），序言。　　
      
      　　[40]Tabb(1999):“Theoryimpactspolicyandtheconsciousnessofanage,althoughitmaybetterbesaidthatthedominantpowersoftheageshapeconsciousness,andlendsupporttotheeconomictheoriestheyfindconducive.”(p.97)。　　
      　　[41]”Economistsdesiredeterminatesolutionsbecausesuchwillsanctiontheirstatusasscientists.Economistsdesireoptimalsolutionsbecausesuchwillsanctiontheirstatusaspolicyexperts.Bothdesiresaredrivenbystatusemulationandambition;bothdesiresproduceorreinforceanintoleranceforambiguity,opennessandpluralisminfavorofapretenseofclosureandfinality.Bothdesiresmanifeststatusemulationandthemarksofceremonialadequacyassociatedtherewith.”(Samuels,1998,p.361)　　
      
      　　[42]林俊义提到：「….『联合国教育、科学暨文化组织』提出各国如何发展科学与技术政策的优先级时，把科学哲学放在最优先的第一项。…发展科学与技术政策的十二优先级列举如下：一、科学哲学；二、科学史；三、科技社会学、政治学和伦理学；四、、、、」。　　
      　　[43]作者为撰写本文，透过馆际合作，由台大法学院图书馆借得Ward(1972)的书（1973.6.4购入）；里头所夹借书单记载之借阅者，作者所识：李显峰（1974.5.27，第二位；第一位为郭震坤，1973.11.26）；叶淑贞（1979.2.4）；陈师孟（1981.12.8，1982.12.31）。有趣的是，这几位经济学者正是作者所尊重的，比较不”orthodoxy”，也是相当谦逊的学者。　　
      
      　　[44]Samuelson在其1961著名的教科书还宣称：新古典经济理论”isacceptedinitsbroadoutlinesbyallbutafewextremeleft-wingandright-wingwriters.”(Kuttner,1985,p.74)。　　
      　　对这些少数所谓的”extremeleft-wingandright-wingwriters”，也许Kapp的这段话，值得深思：”Insteadofwithdrawingintothelonelypositionofthedissentertheywillhavetoworktogetherinclosercontactnotonlywithoneanotherbutalsowithothersocialscientistsbecausetheywillhavetoknowmoreofwhatisknowninrelatedsocialdisciplinesthanthepureeconomist.”(Kapp,1968,p.18)